How Do You Spell POLYINOSINIC POLYCYTIDYLIC ACID?

1. Polyinosinic polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) is a synthetic analogue of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) that is commonly used in molecular biology and immunology research. It is composed of a mixture of inosine and cytidine nucleotides, which form a long chain of repeating units.

   Poly(I:C) serves as a potent immune stimulant due to its ability to mimic the presence of viral RNA in the body, triggering a robust immune response. When administered to cells, poly(I:C) is recognized by pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR-3) and cytosolic helicases like Retinoic acid inducible gene-I (RIG-I) and Melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 (MDA5). These receptors activate specific signaling pathways that lead to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons, key molecules involved in antiviral defense and immune regulation.

   Due to its immunostimulatory properties, poly(I:C) is frequently used to study antiviral responses, as well as for the development and testing of vaccines and antiviral drugs. It can be used in both in vitro and in vivo experiments to understand various aspects of immune signaling, including gene expression, cell activation, and cytokine release. Furthermore, poly(I:C) can be modified or conjugated with other molecules to enhance its stability, delivery, or targeting specificity in research and therapeutic applications.

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