Cancer of the head and neck refers to the group of cancers that develop in various parts of the head and neck region. This includes cancers that affect the oral cavity (lips, tongue, gums, and inner lining of the mouth), salivary glands, nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, pharynx (throat), larynx (voice box), and neck lymph nodes.
Head and neck cancers typically arise from the squamous cells that line the various structures in this region. These cancers are often caused by a combination of genetic mutations and exposure to certain risk factors, such as tobacco use (including smoking and smokeless tobacco), excessive alcohol consumption, human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, and prolonged exposure to sunlight.
Symptoms of cancer in the head and neck can vary depending on the specific location and stage of the disease. Common symptoms may include a lump or sore that does not heal, persistent hoarseness or difficulty swallowing, a persistent sore throat, unexplained weight loss, persistent nasal congestion or chronic sinus infections, and changes in vision or hearing.
Diagnosis of head and neck cancer involves a thorough examination of the affected area by a healthcare professional, as well as further investigations such as imaging tests (CT scan, MRI, PET scan), endoscopy, and biopsies. Treatment options for head and neck cancer may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the specific characteristics and stage of the cancer.
Early detection and prompt treatment are crucial in improving the prognosis and outcome of head and neck cancer. Regular check-ups, cessation of tobacco use, moderation of alcohol consumption, and vaccination against HPV are important preventive measures.
